CSIR-CCMB Identifies Key Protein DZIP3 as Viral Alarm Switch
Researchers at CSIR-CCMB discover DZIP3 protein's role in activating immune responses against viruses.
DZIP3 protein detects viral RNA and activates immune defenses.
The research shows protection against multiple viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
New drug candidates are being developed to enhance DZIP3 activity.
A significant breakthrough in antiviral research has emerged from the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), where scientists have identified a protein named DZIP3 that acts as a cellular alarm switch against viral infections. This discovery, detailed in a study published in The EMBO Journal, reveals how DZIP3 detects viral genetic material and triggers the immune response, providing a crucial defense mechanism for human cells.
The research, led by Senior Principal Scientist Santosh Chauhan, demonstrates that when DZIP3 encounters viral RNA within a cell, it undergoes a structural change that activates its function. This activated protein then relocates to the mitochondria, the cell's energy-producing organelles, where it tags and activates essential immune proteins. This process results in the release of Type-I interferons, which are vital in preventing viral replication within the host cell.
The team’s findings indicate that DZIP3 offers broad-spectrum protection against various pathogens, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for COVID-19, as well as chikungunya and Japanese encephalitis viruses. This broad protective capability underscores the potential of DZIP3 in developing new antiviral strategies.
Approximately seven years prior, the research group hypothesized that certain human proteins could serve dual functions in detecting viral genetic material and signaling the immune system. Building on this hypothesis, the current study has paved the way for the development of small-molecule drug candidates aimed at enhancing DZIP3 activity, which could significantly bolster the body's natural antiviral defenses.
Looking ahead, Chauhan emphasized that targeting DZIP3 with these small molecules could lead to the creation of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies, addressing emerging viral threats effectively. The research, which included contributions from both national and international collaborators, was funded by the Department of Biotechnology, marking a promising advancement in the field of virology and immunology.
